Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s; the term “plant neurobiology” was  $\underline{\quad1\quad}$ around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be  $\underline{\quad2\quad}$ to intelligence in animals.  $\underline{\quad3\quad}$ plants lack brains, the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that  $\underline{\quad4\quad}$ consciousness, researchers previously reported.

But such an idea is untrue, according to a new opinion article. Plant biology is complex and fascinating, but it  $\underline{\quad5\quad}$ so greatly from that of animals that so-called  $\underline{\quad6\quad}$ of plants’ intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.

Beginning in 2006, some scientists have  $\underline{\quad7\quad}$ that plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters,  $\underline{\quad8\quad}$ “a plant nervous system, 9 $\underline{\quad9\quad}$ to that in animals,” said lead study author Lincoln Taiz. “They  $\underline{\quad10\quad}$ claimed that plants have ‘brain-like command centers’ at their root tips.”

This  $\underline{\quad11\quad}$ makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain,  $\underline{\quad12\quad}$ it to an array of electrical pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals.  $\underline{\quad13\quad}$, the signaling in a plant is only  $\underline{\quad14\quad}$ similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than “a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,” Taiz said.

“For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold  $\underline{\quad15\quad}$ of complexity and capacity is required,” he  $\underline{\quad16\quad}$. “Since plants don’t have nervous systems, the  $\underline{\quad17\quad}$ that they have consciousness are effectively zero.”

And what’s so great about consciousness, anyway? Plants can’t run away from  $\underline{\quad18\quad}$, so investing energy in a body system which  $\underline{\quad19\quad}$ a threat and can feel pain would be a very  $\underline{\quad20\quad}$ evolutionary strategy, according to the article.

1. [A] coined [B] discovered [C] collected [D] issued

2. [A] attributed [B] directed [C] compared [D] confined

3. [A] Unless [B] When [C] Once [D] Though

4. [A] cope with [B] consisted of [C] hinted at [D] extended to

5. [A] suffers [B] benefits [C] develops [D] differs

6. [A] acceptance [B] evidence [C] cultivation [D] creation

7. [A] doubted [B] denied [C] argued [D] requested

8. [A] adapting [B] forming [C] repairing [D] testing

9. [A] analogous [B] essential [C] suitable [D] sensitive

10. [A] just [B] ever [C] still [D] even

11. [A] restriction [B] experiment [C] perspective [D] demand

12. [A] attaching [B] reducing [C] returning [D] exposing

13. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise

14. [A] temporarily [B] literally [C] superficially [D] imaginarily

15. [A] list [B] level [C] label [D] load

16. [A] recalled [B] agreed [C] questioned [D] added

17. [A] chances [B] risks [C] excuses [D] assumptions

18. [A] danger [B] failure [C] warning [D] control

19. [A] represents [B] includes [C] reveals [D] recognizes

20. [A] humble [B] poor [C] practical [D] easy

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

  People often complain that plastics are too durable. Water bottles, shopping bags, and other trash litter the planet, from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench, because plastics are everywhere and don’t break down easily. But some plastic materials change over time. They crack and frizzle. They “weep” out additives. They melt into sludge. All of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve culturally important objects. The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying: early radios, avant-garde sculptures, celluloid animation stills from Disney films, the first artificial heart. Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn’t always know how to mix ingredients properly, says Thea van Oosten, a polymer chemist who, until retiring a few years ago, worked for decades at the

  Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands. “It’s like baking a cake: If you don’t have exact amounts, it goes wrong,” she says. “The object you make is already a time bomb.”

  And sometimes, it’s not the artist’s fault. In the 1960s, the Italian artist Picro Gilardi began to create hundreds of bright, colorful foam pieces. Those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen “nature carpets”—large rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins, cabbages, and watermelons. He wanted viewers to walk around on the carpets—which meant they had to be durable.

  Unfortunately, the polyurethane foam he used is inherently unstable. It’s especially vulnerable to light damage, and by the mid-1990s, Gilardi’s pumpkins, roses, and other figures were spitting and crumbling. Museums locked some of them away in the dark.

  So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilardi’s sculptures. They infused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals. Van Oosten calls those chemicals “sunscreens” because their goal was to prevent further light damage and rebuild worn polymer fibers. She is proud that several sculptures have even gone on display again, albeit sometimes beneath protective cases.

  Despite success stories like van Oosten’s, preservation of plastics will likely get harder. Old objects continue to deteriorate. Worse, biodegradable plastics designed to disintegrate, are increasingly common.

  And more is at stake here than individual objects. Joana Lia Ferreira, an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science and Technology, notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history—Stone Age, Iron Age, and so on—after examining artifacts in museums. We now live in an age of plastic, she says, “and what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preserve...will have a strong impact on how in the future we’ll be seen.”

21. According to Paragraph 1, museums are faced with difficulties in_____.

[A] maintaining their plastic items.

[B] obtaining durable plastic artifacts.

[C] handling outdated plastic exhibits.

[D] classifying their plastic collections.

22. Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects are_____.

[A] immune to decay

[B] improperly shaped

[C] inherently flawed

[D] complex in structure

23. Museums stopped exhibiting some of Gilardi’s artworks to_____.

[A] keep them from hurting visitors

[B] duplicate them for future display

[C] have their ingredients analyzed

[D] prevent them from further damage

24. The author thinks that preservation of plastics is_____.

[A] costly

[B] unworthy

[C] unpopular

[D] challenging

25. In Ferreira’s opinion, preservation of plastic artifacts_____.

[A] will inspire future scientific research

[B] has profound historical significance

[C] will help us separate the material ages

[D] has an impact on today's cultural life

Text 2

As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh up their options, it may be worth considering just how the point, purpose and value of a degree has changed and what Generation Z need to consider as they start the third stage of their educational journey. Millennials were told that if you did well in school, got a decent degree, you would be set up for life. But that promise has been found wanting. As degrees became universal, they became devalued. Education was no longer a secure route of social mobility. Today, 28 percent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles, a percentage which is double the average among OECD countries. This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree, but rather stress that a degree is not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to lecture hall is not an inevitable one and that other options are available. Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with Generation Z seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors, even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset. Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees than graduates. Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles. For those for whom a degree is the desired route, consider that this may well be the first of many. In this age of generalists, it pays to have specific knowledge or skills. Postgraduates now earn 40 percent more than graduates. When more and more of us have a degree, it makes sense to have two. It is unlikely that Generation Z will be done with education at 18 or 21; they will need to be constantly up-skilling throughout their career to stay employable. It has been estimated that this generation, due to the pressures of technology, the wish for personal fulfilment and desire for diversity, will work for 17 different employers over the course of their working life and have five different careers. Education, and not just knowledge gained on campus, will be a core part of Generation Z’s career trajectory. Older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense: “I am a geographer” or “I am a classist.” Their sons or daughters would never say such a thing; it’s as if they already know that their degree won’t define them in the same way.

26. The author suggests that Generation Z should_____.

[A] be careful in choosing a college

[B] be diligent at each educational stage

[C] reassess the necessity of college education

[D] postpone their undergraduate application

27. The percentage of UK graduates in non-graduate roles reflect _____.

[A] Millennial’s opinions about work

[B] the shrinking value of a degree

[C] public discontent with education

[D] the desired route of social mobility

28. The author considers it a good sign that_____.

[A] generation Z are seeking to earn a decent degree

[B] school leavers are willing to be skilled workers

[C] employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees

[D] parents are changing their minds about education

29. It is advised in Paragraph 5 that those with one degree should_____.

[A] make an early decision on their career

[B] attend on the job training programs

[C] team up with high-paid postgraduates

[D] further their studies in a specific field

30. What can be concluded about Generation Z from the last two paragraphs?

[A] Lifelong learning will define them.

[B] They will make qualified educators.

[C] Depress will no longer appeal them.

[D] They will have a limited choice of jobs.

Text 3

Enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun. These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe their experience of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers. Nearly 40% of the roughly 350 people who responded to an accompanying poll said, they had collaborated with artists; and almost all said they would consider doing so in future. Such an encouraging results is not surprising. Scientists are increasingly seeking “Artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning” One respondent said. One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the scenes came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldi’s The Four Seasons, injecting the latest climate prediction data for each season—provided by Monash University’s Climate Change Communication Research Hub. The performance was a creative call to action ahead of November’s United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow, UK. But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street. Fewer artist than scientists responded to the Nature poll, however, several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements. Nor should their work be considered only as an object of study. The alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project, are able to jointly design it and can critique each other’s work. Such an approach can both prompt new research as well as result in powerful art. More than half a century ago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) to explore the role of technology in culture. Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form the basis of collaboration. As science and technology progressed, and divided into more sub-disciplines, the centre was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa. Nature’s poll collaboration work, both sides need to invest time, and embrace surprise and challenge. The reach of art-science tie-ups needs to go beyond the necessary purpose of research communication, and participants must not fall into the trap of stereotyping each other. Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention, and challenge and critique are core to both, too.

31. According to paragraph , art-science collaborations have_

[A] caught the attention of critics

[B] recid fayorable responses

[C] promoted academi publishing

[D] sparked heated public disputes

32. The reworked version of The Four Seasons is mentioned to show that

[A] art can offer audiences easy access to science

[B] science can help with the expression of cmotions

[C] public participation in scicnc has a promising futur

[D] art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations

33. Some artists seem to worry about in the art-science partnership.

[A] their role may be underestimated

[B] their reputation may be impaired

[C] their crcativity may be inhibited

[D] their work may be misguided

34. What does the author say about CAVS?

[A] It was headed alterately by artists and scientists.

[B] It cemplified valuable art-science allincs.

[C] ts projccts aimed at advancing visual studies.

[D] tis founders sought to raise ths satus of artists..

35. In the last paragraph, the author holds that art-science collaborations

[A] are likely to go beyond public expctations

[B] will intensify interdisciplinary competition

[C] should do more than communicating science

[D] are becoming more popular than before

Text 4

The personal grievance provisions of New Zealand’s Employment Relations Act 2000(ERA) prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause. Instead, dismissals must be justified. Employers must both show cause and act in a procedurally fair way. Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”. The premise was that the common contract lacked sufficient safeguards for workers against arbitrary conduct by management. Long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice. But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid managers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will attest, constraining firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers is a handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance. The difference between C-grade and A-grade managers may very well be the difference between business success of failure. Between preserving the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them. Yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal. If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages. Indeed, in “An International Perspective on New Zealand’s Productivity Paradox” (2014), the Productivity Commission singled out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country’s poor productivity growth. Nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures. Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new staff. This makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment. And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong. Society also suffers from excessive employment protections. Stringent job dismissal regulations adversely affect productivity growth and hamper both prosperity and overall well-being. Across the Tasman Sea, Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high income threshold” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws. In New Zealand, a 2016 private members’ Bill tried to permit firms and high-income employees to contract out of the unjustified dismissal regime. However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following the change in government later that year.

36. The personal grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to

[A] punish dubious corporate practiccs

[B] improve traditional hiring procedures

[C]exempt employers from certain duties

[D] protect the righsof ordinary workers

37. It can be learned from paragraph 3 that the provisions may

[A] hinder business devclopment

[B] undermine managers’ authority

[C]affect the poblic image of the firms

[D] worsen labor-management relations

38. Which of the following measures would be the Productivity Commission support?

[A]lmposing reasonable wage restraints.

[B] Enforcing cmployment protcction laws.

[C] Limiting the powers of business owners.

[D] Dismissing poorly performing managers.

39. What might be an effect of ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures?

[A] Highly paid managers lose their joos.

[B] Employees suffef from salary cuts

[C] Society sees a rise in overal wlbing.

[D] Employers need to hire new staff.

40. It can be inferred that the “high income threshold” in Australia ____.

[A] has secured managers’ earnings

[B] has produced undesired results

[C] is beneficial to business owners

[D] is difficult to put into practice

Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

Part B

Directions:

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points )

(41) Teri Byrd

I was a zoo and wildlife park employee for years. Both the wildlife park and zoo claimed to be operating for the benefit of the animals and for conservation purposes. This claim was false. Neither one of them actually participated in any contributions whose bottom line is much more important than the condition of the animals.

Animals despise being captives in zoos. No matter how you “enhance” enclosures, they do not allow for freedom,a natural diet or adequate time for transparency with these institutions, and it’s past time to eliminate zoos from our culture.

(42) Karen R.Sime

As a zoology professor, I agree with Emma Marris that zoo displays can be sad and cruel. But she underestimates the educational value of zoos.

The zoology program at my university attracts students for whom zoo visits were the crucial formative experience that led them to major in biological sciences. These are mostly students who had no opportunity as children to travel to wilderness areas, wildlife refuges or national parks. Although good TV shows can help stir children’s interest in conservation, they cannot replace the excitement of a zoo visit as an intense, immersive and interactive experience. Surely there must be some middle ground that balances zoos’ treatment of animals with their educational potential.

(43)Greg Newberry

Emma Marris’s article is an insult and a disservice to the thousands of passionate who work tirelessly to improve the lives of animals and protect our planet. She uses outdated research and decades-old examples to undermine the noble mission of organization committed to connecting children to a world beyond their own.

Zoos are at the forefront of conservation and constantly evolving to improve how they care for animals and protect each specis in is natural habitat Are there tragedics? Of course.But they are the exception not the norm that Ms. Marris implies. A distressed animal in a zoo will get as good or better trcatment than most of us at our local hospial.

(44) Dean Gallea

As a fellow environmentalist animal-protection advocate and longtime vegetarian. I could properly be in the same camp as Emma Marris on the issuo f zo. Bul beieve that well-run zoos and the heroic animals that suffer heir captivity so serve a higher purpose.Were it not for opportunities to observe these beautiful wild creatures close to home many more people would be driven by their fascination to travel to wild areas to sck out disturb and even hunt them down.

Zoos are in that sense similar to natural history and archeology museums serving to satisfy our need for contact with these living creatures while leaving the vast majority undisturbed in their natural environments.

(45) John Fraser

Emma Marris selctively deseribes and misepresents the findings of our rearch. Our studies focusecd on the impact of zoo cxpcricncs on how people think about themselves and nature and the data points extracted from our studies.

Zoos are toos or hinking. Our research provides strong support for the value of zoos in connccting people with animals and with nature.Zoos provide a critical voice for conservation and environmental protection. They afford an opportunity for people from all backgrounds to encounter a range of animals from drone bees to springbok or salmon to better understand the natural world we live in.

[A]Zoos which spare no effort to take care of animals should not be subjected to unfair criticism.

[B]To pressure zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outcomes for the precious creatures in their care.

[CWhile animals in captivity deserve sympathy, zoos play a significant role in starting young people down the path of related sciences.

[D]Zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.

[E]For wild animals that cannot be returned to their natural habitats, zoos offer the best alternative.

[F]Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals’ wellbcing.

[G]Marris distorts our findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and nature. （请将

（41-45题的答案填入下方的输入框，不区分大小写）

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

The Man Who Broke Napoleon’s Codes - Mark Urban

Between 1807 and 1814 the Iberian Peninsula (comprising Spain and Portugal) was the scene of a titanic and merciless struggle. It took place on many different planes: between Napoleon’s French army and the angry inhabitants; between the British, ever keen to exacerbate the emperor’s difficulties, and the marshals sent from Paris to try to keep them in check; between new forces of science and meritocracy and old ones of conservatism and birth. (46) It was also, and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period, a battle between those who made codes and those who broke them.

I first discovered the Napoleonic cryptographic battle a few years ago when I was reading Sir Charles Oman’s epic History of the Peninsular War. In volume V he had attached an appendix, " The Scovell Ciphers ". (47) It listed many documents in code that had been captured from the French army of Spain, and whose secrets had been revealed by the work of one George Scovell, an officer in British headquarters. Oman rated Scovell’s significance highly, but at the same time, the general nature of his History meant that (48) he could not analyze carefully what this obscure officer may or may not have contributed to that great struggle between nations or indeed tell us anything much about the man himself. I was keen to read more, but was surprised to find that Oman’s appendix, published in 1914, was the only considered thing that had been written about this secret war.

I became convinced that this story was every bit as exciting and significant as that of Enigma and the breaking of German codes in the Second World War. The question was, could it be told?

Studying Scovell’s papers at the Public Record Office, London, I found that he had left an extensive journal and copious notes about his work in the Peninsula. What was more, many original French dispatches had been preserved in this collection, which I realized was priceless. (49)There may have been many spies and intelligence officers during the Napoleonic Wars, but it is usually extremely difficult to find the material they actually provided or worked on.

As I researched Scovell’s story I found far more of piterest besides of his intelligence work. His status in Lord Wellington’s headquarters and the recognition given to him for his work were all bound up with the class politics of the army at the time. His tale of self - improvement and hard work would make a fascinating biography in its own right, but represents something more than that. (50)Just as the code breaking has its wider relevance in the struggle for Spain, so his attempts to make his way up the promotion ladder speak volumes about British society. 

Section III Writing

Part A

51. Directions:

Write an e - mail to a professor at a British university, inviting him/her to organize a team for international innovation contest to be held at your university.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in the email; use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)

Part B

52.Directions:

Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should

1) describe the picture briefly,
2) interpret the implied meaning, and
3) give your comments.

Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points) 

（下方配有一幅图，图中有 “公告栏”，栏上有 “校园讲座” 相关内容，两位女生对话，一位说 “不是我们专业的，听了也没用”，另一位说 “去听听肯定有好处” ）